Clock | Wikipedia audio article

Описание

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Clock


00:02:37 1 History
00:02:46 1.1 Etymology
00:03:03 1.2 Time-measuring devices
00:03:13 1.2.1 Sundials
00:04:03 1.3 Devices that measure duration, elapsed time and intervals
00:04:52 1.3.1 Water
00:07:59 1.3.2 Early mechanical
00:12:23 1.4 Astronomical
00:14:07 1.4.1 Spring-driven
00:16:27 1.4.2 Pendulum
00:17:50 1.4.3 Hairspring
00:19:00 1.4.4 Marine chronometer
00:20:18 1.4.5 Mass production
00:21:13 1.5 Early electric
00:23:19 1.5.1 Quartz
00:24:32 1.5.2 Atomic
00:25:47 2 Operation
00:27:04 2.1 Power source
00:27:55 2.2 Oscillator
00:29:34 2.2.1 Synchronized or slave clocks
00:31:32 2.3 Controller
00:33:17 2.4 Counter chain
00:34:13 2.5 Indicator
00:35:34 3 Types
00:35:49 3.1 Time display methods
00:35:58 3.1.1 Analog
00:38:14 3.1.2 Digital
00:40:02 3.1.3 Hybrid (analog-digital)
00:40:20 3.1.4 Auditory
00:40:53 3.1.5 Word
00:41:12 3.1.6 Projection
00:41:57 3.1.7 Tactile
00:42:31 3.1.8 Multi-display
00:43:29 4 Purposes
00:46:41 4.1 Time standards
00:47:33 4.2 Navigation
00:48:35 5 Specific types
00:48:45 6 See also
00:48:54 6.1 Newsgroup
00:49:04 7 Notes and references
00:49:14 8 Bibliography
00:52:43 9 External links



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"The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing."
- Socrates



SUMMARY
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A clock is an instrument used to measure, keep, and indicate time. The clock is one of the oldest human inventions, meeting the need to measure intervals of time shorter than the natural units: the day, the lunar month, and the year. Devices operating on several physical processes have been used over the millennia.
Some predecessors to the modern clock may be considered as "clocks" that are based on movement in nature: A sundial shows the time by displaying the position of a shadow on a flat surface. There is a range of duration timers, a well-known example being the hourglass. Water clocks, along with the sundials, are possibly the oldest time-measuring instruments. A major advance occurred with the invention of the verge escapement, which made possible the first mechanical clocks around 1300 in Europe, which kept time with oscillating timekeepers like balance wheels.Traditionally in horology, the term clock was used for a striking clock, while a clock that did not strike the hours audibly was called a timepiece. In general usage today, a "clock" refers to any device for measuring and displaying the time. Watches and other timepieces that can be carried on one's person are often distinguished from clocks.
Spring-driven clocks appeared during the 15th century. During the 15th and 16th centuries, clockmaking flourished. The next development in accuracy occurred after 1656 with the invention of the pendulum clock. A major stimulus to improving the accuracy and reliability of clocks was the importance of precise time-keeping for navigation. The electric clock was patented in 1840. The development of electronics in the 20th century led to clocks with no clockwork parts at all.
The timekeeping element in every modern clock is a harmonic oscillator, a physical object (resonator) that vibrates or oscillates at a particular frequency.
This object can be a pendulum, a tuning fork, a quartz crystal, or the vibration of electrons in atoms as they emit microwaves.
Clocks have different ways of displaying the time. Analog clocks indicate time with a traditional clock face, with moving hands. Digital clocks display a numeric representation of time. Two numbering systems are in use; 24-hour time notation and 12-hour notation. Most digital clocks use electronic mechanisms and LCD, LED, or VFD displays. For the blind and use over telephones, speaking clocks state the time audibly in words. There are also clocks for the blind that have displays that can be read by touch. The study of timekeeping is known as horology.